Well, the app developers and those who commission the apps are primarily responsible for the app dependencies on Google Play Services.
Apps can also function without Google Play services, without advertising ID, without trackers, without spying on users. There are hundreds of proofs of this, for example in the F-Droid Store.
Apps could also be made available for download without Google Play Store. The decision to do so rests solely with the app owner/contractor.
So question: why are the majority of Android app developers in bondage to Google, why do so few people dare to disagree and break away from Google?
Please don’t misunderstand me either. Clarifying these questions isn’t the right place here, because the iodé forum is primarily about technical matters involving the iodéOS and the apps provided by the iodé team. @brazzmonkey. You’re welcome to contact me by PM.